鉴赏明早元末青花瓷,第一眼 就是看器物有无凝聚斑与铁锈斑。什么是凝聚斑与铁锈斑,这二种现象都是进口苏青料在窑炉中经不同温度再经还原所产生的现象。凝聚斑的产生现象,因进口苏青料是天然块状矿物,矿物含铁量高,进行锻研不够精细, 还是会有颗粒状,经画笔绘制拖曳存留在画面中。在相对不同的窑温烧制时会产生形成各种不规则的黑色凝聚斑。凝聚斑在窑温烧制时所产生的熔解熔动对瓷胎瓷釉有很强的熔解性,不仅深入胎骨而且会对釉面引起下陷融进釉中,很深沉。
铁锈斑是进口苏青料中所含铁元素较高,再经窑温烧制时所产生的熔解熔动分解游离出来的铁元素。苏青料中所含铁元素成分多少不同,窑炉烧制时所产生的温度不同,器物放置窑内位置不同等因素,凝聚斑与铁锈斑的呈色呈现也不同。有星点状,有线条状,有珠链状也有学者称线珠状,有块状,有蚯蚓走泥般的纹痕状等。铁锈斑与凝聚斑是共生的,明代早期元末青花瓷每件器物,因苏青料矿物提纯锻研技术不同,绘画工艺时间不同,青料矿物含铁元素成分多少不同,窑炉烧制时所产生的熔解熔动温度不同,铁锈斑不一定都能呈现。锈斑的呈色也不一样。
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青花瓷又称白地青花瓷,常简称青花,汉族陶瓷烧制工艺的珍品。是中国瓷器的主流品种之一,属釉下彩瓷。青花瓷是用含氧化钴的钴矿为原料,在陶瓷坯体上描绘纹饰,再罩上一层透明釉,经高温还原焰一次烧成。钴料烧成后呈蓝色,具有着色力强、发色鲜艳、烧成率高、呈色稳定的特点。原始青花瓷于唐宋已见端倪,成熟的青花瓷则出现在元代景德镇的湖田窑。明代青花成为瓷器的主流。清康熙时发展到了顶峰。明清时期,还创烧了青花五彩、孔雀绿釉青花、豆青釉青花、青花红彩、黄地青花、哥釉青花等衍生品种。