何朝宗何许人也?这是一个一直以来从未间断过思考的问题。
何朝宗,一位瓷都德化明代举世闻名的瓷塑大师,其独树一帜的精湛技艺和形成的“何”派艺术驰名中外,被誉为“东方艺术”的精品。
然而,关于这位闻名世界的瓷塑大师的生卒年月及个人经历等在地方文献中却鲜有记载。
那么,这个问题是否能在外国作者有关“德化”“中国白”“德化瓷”的著作中得到说明?
近期,外国人眼中的“中国白”栏目将对有关“何朝宗”的研究进行梳理,以期找到其中的线索。
从何而来?万瓷朝宗
——唐纳利笔下的“何朝宗”(三)
关于德化陶艺家,唐纳利说:
“Tehua was one of the two kilns of China where the potter-moulder reigned supreme. The kiln enjoyed no imperial patronage, and aped none; not here the practice of the private kilns of Chingtechen of using the nien hao as a means of enabling their customers to keep up with the Joneses". Instead, the potters were proud of their wares and signed them freely; as a result we know of over 30 potters, and several potter families, …as contrasted with the complete anonymity of Chingtechen and, one feels, the complete subjection of the potter…”
德化是中国两个陶工盛行的窑口之一。这个窑口没有受到皇室的资助,也没有模仿别人。景德镇私窑的客户用有“年号款”的陶瓷与人攀比,而这里没有。相反,这里的陶工对它们的瓷器深感自豪并随意署上自己的名字,结果我们知道了超过30位陶工以及一些陶工家族。跟景德镇完全不知陶工姓名,而且陶工完全受控相比完全不同。
“Enterprising the potters certainly were. They could make anything and often did. Nothing came amiss to them, commissions from abroad for the strangest shapes, ornamental cups in fantastic forms, toys, animals, trees even. But their great glory was undoubtedly figures.”
这些陶工显然是有胆识的,他们能够生产出任何一件东西,而且也经常这样做。对他们来讲没有什么是有困难的,来自海外订做的最奇怪的器型,包括形式夸张的装饰杯、玩具、动物,甚至是树。但他们最大的荣耀无疑来自瓷塑。
“Nothing is known of the Tehua potters beyond their names, and most of these are appearing here for the first time. Not a single dated piece of blanc de Chine is signed, and not a single signed piece bears a date.I Because potters were artisans rather than artists, the literary sources ignore them.”
对于德化陶工,除了他们的名字外一无所知,而且其中多数是首次在这里出现。没有一件带纪年的“中国白”瓷器有作者的签名,也没有一件有签名的瓷器上面带有日期。因为陶工是手艺人而不是艺术家,文献便忽略他们。
何朝宗印章,唐纳利分析大体上分为几类:
(阳文款)
(阴文款)
(阴阳文款)
(刻款)